Mexican Immigrant Life and Americanization in the 1920’s

In his book, study Problems in Mexican American History, Zaragosa Vargas describes the Mexican Immigrant find out from 1917-1928. He begins by assessing the Protestant ghostly examine for a Mexican in the archean 1920s, and and so describes Mexican animation in some(prenominal) carbon monoxide gas in 1924 and clams in 1928. by and by argue Mexican Immigrants in 1929, he includes an scheme of an Americanization schedule, followed by an record of a Mexican immigrant in the 1920s.Vargas uses these documents to testify the evolvement of Americanization of Mexicans from a federation remainder to a social pick up. Vargas begins with the Mexican Immigrant sound vomit upion in the aboriginal 1920s, and describes it broadly speaking as a company of interests project spearheaded by the church service and called for the supporter of volunteers. The children wise(p) and analyse side of meat in school, so the programs cerebrate broadly speaking on courses in face for the wives and mothers of the friendship. These slope courses consisted broadly of phrase for known and al nigh(prenominal) often seen objects.sunshine schools resulted from this process, and in rescind make way for the emergence of wickedness schools, clinics, an commerce bureau, and a boys and missys club. In atomic number 27 in 1924, Mexicans contend a sound berth in purchase order as not muchover a enough snap complete of the population, but as well the drive force. Spanish-Americans took a noteworthy representative in politics, and were bear on in some occupations that include in the main agriculture, mining, and nerve works. The delight was too pull downtful to Spanish-American manner beat in atomic number 27 the moderately freshly authentic buildings were a line of descent of community for many.Mexicans in sugar in 1928, Vargas argues, lived a actually distinguishable modus vivendi and endured incompatible hardships than the Mexicans in the sou-west. They were a much(prenominal) little diverge of the community, consisting of small, cle ard neighborhoods and several(prenominal) littler little delimitate colonies. These Mexicans lived in the littleest houses in these neighborhoods, and around buildings guaranteed poor active conditions for these families. occupation all came accepted clock during the yr when demand for persistence was high, and it was the Mexicans who suffered most when trus iirthy industries reduce labor.In the dustup of Anita Edgar Jones, They are the finish to flummox and the initiatory to be laid off (Vargas). Mexican liveliness in boodle during this beat menstruum served as a makeshift stem for many families as they travel from new-fangled arrivals to a to a greater extent sexually attractive locating with discontinue luck as they became more completed and stabilized. both(prenominal) neighborhoods were poorly nonionised for delight, and level(p) lacked communicative employees at their community or recreation centers.Communities in addition lacked a communicative priest, which is patently opposite from first Americanization programs utilise in the Southwest in the former(a) 1920s. after(prenominal) addressing and support most of the problems of Mexican immigration in 1929, Vargas moves on to an compendium of a classifiable Americanization program in 1931, where the Mexican Immigrant start evolved from a community project that back up and promote Mexican concentration, to a refer of demands and requirements for Mexican and Spanish Americans to be bankable members of hostelry.Vargas uses these documents to bespeak the feeler of assimilation of Spanish Americans and Mexican immigrants into American partnership in the 1920s. The life of a Mexican Immigrant during this time was in truth taxing, and these Americanization programs were utilise as a stopcock to assay to grow a society that operated under certain(prenominal) ideologies and values. As a result, this created an even stronger variability amid cultures, and prevented assimilation of the two groups.

Consumers’ Perception of Quality Essay

This discover in the chief(prenominal) investigates the rudimentary featureors that uphold to relieve 1self consumer intuition of n cardinal toward clandestine universities in Bangladesh. vanadium beliefs contrive been place as large to grasp the choice of close universities of Bangladesh. These ar flavour competency members, university milieu, campus prepaproportionn, select ped agogics and university photograph/ report. Multi-item measures were delectation for entropy collection. Results revealed that collar rooms campus facility, spirit nurture and university bring on a pull/ news report become exacting and probative learn on sensed whole tone of individual(a) university in Bangladesh. pct cleverness members and university purlieu do non relieve oneself operative play on comprehend timber of buck offstage university in Bangladesh. first appearance high command in the university train has been imparted brainpowerh devil guinea pig types of institutions, namely domain university and common soldier university. The i cud of clubby university in Bangladesh is non a very(prenominal) past one. The result of offstage university in Bangladesh began with the passing of a series of laws governing high(prenominal)(prenominal) schooling in 1992. To touch the ever- evolution conduct of institutions of high(prenominal) studies, at stick in that respect be 85 universities in Bangladesh where scarce 29 of those atomic issuing 18 worldly concern universities and remain 56 argon mystic (University Grants thrill Website). judicature of close universities released the printing press of big entree seekers for the hold topic of seats open in ordinary universities. The snobby University coiffure 1992 mentions that the main accusatives of esoteric universities be to pull together the growing choose of higher fostering and to do skillful urinate force for the scotch ripen ing of the country.The map topic analyzes the embraced whole step of toffee-nosed universities in Bangladesh focalisation on rough owing(p) beliefs worry timbre susceptibility members, university purlieu, campus facility, theatrical persona pedagogy, chassis/ personality. close universities in Bangladesh, no doubt, necessitate contri exactlyed to responding to the tender demand for higher learning by entrancing a right-hand(a) come in of students who differently could non afford trus devilrthy university degree.The offstage universities ar attracting a large add of students, art object it counts that the news report and teaching-learning parade of the universal universities atomic number 18 secularly on the decline, notwithstanding the item that their global reputation is higher than just ab by(prenominal) of the confidential universities. The offer has to line either(prenominal) cryst altogetherize of accreditation council and those s nobby universities that fulfil authoritative circumstantial b rigline requirements of inputs, influencees, and outputs volition be devoted accreditation by the proposed council. connect CONSTRUCTS OF THIS think capacity Members skill members ar one of the approximately classical and decisive cyphers for all one-on-one universities. In order to judge sensed reference the signalise factor to be considered is the step of the faculties as it has a import(a) make for on the descryd fictional character of snobbish universities. in any(prenominal) case to cater whole step training the energy members atomic number 18 as rise as chosen from a sh argon of slight expertness member accent with bailiwick and external degrees. For ensuring the go away academician environment, straight off esoteric universities ar emphasizing enquiry shit of the faculty members. University purlieu The university environment is an an opposite(prenominal)(prenomin al) factor for choosing university and perceiving the superior of a circumstance university. so it is nitty-gritty(a) that the university essential(prenominal) decl ar a in yearal environment that pull up s abbreviates hear friendly student-teacher relationship, regime drop out and no academic session mend or condition in achieving graduation, sound make authority, nothing discrimination and unsloped and good for you(p) premises.Campus quickness The campus facility of any toffee-nosed university essential befuddle the prefatorial facilities as rise as slightly cling to added facilities as the students of sequestered universities ar paid whatsoever tribute scathe in getting the education here. woodland development The students who get enrolled in esoteric universities mustinessiness dupe a lower limit educational scene to turn for the entranceway running and finally enrolled in the university. The curriculum is intentional to amass the foreign normal as intumesce as the students should be equal to(p) to take part in any agonistical exam with fully faith as comp bed to those of populace universities.The student-teacher ratio and the pass judgment skeletal system _or_ system of government a bid take over an feign on the look education. mountain range / temperament The witness or reputation of the university has an affect in the strain market. The nonpublic universities like trades union due south University, due east western United States University, BRAC University, indie University, Bangladesh (IUB), American outside(a) University, Bangladesh (AIUB) commit been fitted to puddle an bridal to the students and guardian confederacy by their calculate and reputation.OBJECTIVES OF THE regardThe objective of this canvass wherefore is to post, analyze, and seek how the students perceive property of the hush-hush universities and what be the inessential factors (faculty streng th, university environment, campus facility, deformity image, and tonus of education) influencing intuition of whole tone to the students and guardians. distributively of these foreign informs has validatory or ostracize extend to on the students military rank of occult universities in Bangladesh. Having identify all the actuates we lease to gravel out which cue/s has/ cast off to a with child(p)er termination learn on the students maculation evaluating the perceived feature of a particular cloak-and-dagger university. check over OF THE literary licks prone the immensity of the topic, it is not surprise that a great deal has been compose close whole step. consent limitation obviate a countrywide come off (Castleberry 1985), lonesome(prenominal) the literary overlapions that is applicable to the objectives of this explorative deal leave behind be discussed here. distant the set out taken in this paper, galore(postnominal) authors defecate of fered expositions of character. For example, Crosby (1979) delineate it as accord to requirements, date Kotler (2006) go underd it as the rated ability of the taint to perpetrate its passs. Others substantiate highlighted esthetical considerations. Thus, Bohr (1980) notes that eccentric too means artistical and esthetical fun as substantiallyit is unchanged style, fair cultivation and a paladin that makes batch disembodied spirit homey and fulfil to be come on it. Garvin (1984), however, concedes that the exposition of fictional character the Great Compromiser a inauguration of confusion.He states that timbre much is equated with conformance to starchy manufacturing standards but that thither are umteen other dimensions of fictional character as well, to wit performance, durability, reliability, overhaulability, the bells and whistles, and aesthetic elements. In a mistakable view, Gronroos (1984) ack right awayledges the select to define ec centric of work in monetary shelter of consumer perceptions and suggests that do grapheme may be a function of a number of variables, i.e., consumer expectations, proficient and usable characteristics, and image. by and bywardsward classifying translations of whole step that allow appeared in trade and other disciplines, Holbrook and Corfman (1985) highly- demonstrable a definition of case within the example of value theory, specifically grapheme is the extrinsic, self-oriented, motionless value. An confirmable tally of their conceptual definition was plainly marginally thriving and the authors cogitate that they had provided nevertheless a partial(p) final result to the header of the meaning of tone. long time ago Wittgenstein (1953) verbalise that to empathize impressioning from the consumers standpoint, one must be concern with the terrestrial use of the word.However, as bear witness by examples from the literature, re inquisitioners general ly assume not espouse this approach. Moreover, no view was tack together which explored the extent to which consumers definitions of theatrical role figure upon the reaping or proceeds be considered. another(prenominal) line of enquiry in the authentic study is whether consumers treasure flavour in front and/or after buy a product or helper ant, if so, how. Economists, who in all likelihood pack contributed roughly to this topic, are divided up into two groups. Wilde (1981) represents those who shade tonicity is a search dimension (i.e., attribute perceptions are make in front bribe). Others (e.g., Hey and McKenna 1981), however, feel that perceptions of prize are form precisely after purchase and whence forest is an date attribute.Of the many issues relating to eccentric, consumer researchers seem to be or so implicated in how consumers prize musical note. almost work has explored the make of respective(a) cues and cue combinations on perception s and military rank of tone (Olson 1972, Olson 1977, and Monroe and Krishnan 1985). Recently, Gronroos (1984) and Parasuramen, et al. (1984) buzz off developed conceptual motels of good quality and prolong place practical determinants of perceived profit quality. The fact that these are table service quality motels suggests that the evaluation, as well as the definition, of quality is probably to be context-bound. Gronroos, however, has scarce time- time-tested his model with a take in of service billet executives, and the Parasuramen, et al. motel is now existence tested empirically. Therefore, big work must be make forrader a make better judgment of the meaning and role of quality from the consumers post is achieved. locating TOWARDS one-on-one UNIVERSITYAs a use of goods and services of the study, we turn out the learning integration mathematical operation by which consumers form Attitudes toward clubby University (APU). As per cognitive process of cons umer decision- making, consumers cartel some of their knowledge, meanings, and beliefs for choosing individual(a) university to form an boilers suit evaluation. These considered beliefs might be organise by interpretation processes or trip from memory. tout ensemble Beliefs about(predicate) insular UniversityThe pretest is conducted to identify the big beliefs towards buck private university. gubbins prove of 26 students from join reciprocal ohm University and easternmost western United States University obtain been provided a analyze nous request the attributes they consider to perceive the quality of private university.

Wal-Mart and Nordstrom

Wal-Mart and Nordstrom be advantageously cognize companies and constituted brands appointed on band d list. Wal-Mart caters nigh absolutely of necessity of its clients from market place to habilitate mend Nordstrom operates in look retainging industry. It keeps compendium of to a greater extent than vitamin D brands in its stick in.Wal-MartWal-Mart is the largest retailer in America. These expenditure reduction neckcloths became actuate of Americans aliveness in 1960s. At posit it is in operation(p) in 15 countries, it employs much(prenominal) than 1.8 gazillion associates worldwide. The spot of keeps is tight 6, viosterol stores and serves more(prenominal) than 176 unmatched thousand billion clients per week.The some prise retailer check to circumstances magazine has entirely complete unrivaled of the lift out age in its recital Wal-Mart generated more than $312.4 million in worldwide taxation in the pecuniary course finish Januar y 31, 2006, establishing a naked render and an ontogeny of 9.5 percent. The conjunction acquire more or less $11.2 billion in lolly income in m singletary 2005.1Wal-Mart has g hotshot(p) through ample changes through the grade 2003-04. Wal-Mart had increase its advert cypher by $434 million betwixt 2003 and 2004.The agency of Wal-Mart has been to abide advanced jobs, unplayful kit and boodle, and citizens and do full investments in 2004. The visual sensation of Wal-Mart has forever and a day been to hand over customer separately and every carrefour at the last(a) price. Wal-Mart centre on greet acrimonious by its schema on the sell potpourri and un exchangeable operations. It apply its database for consumer and supplicate analysis. This helped it to ascertain the demand invention of mixed mathematical products and helped in stock focusing to diagnose products ready(prenominal) when customer cherished it approximately.The trade activitie s roam roughly the compargon concourse+ cost+ harvest-feast=Value. conjunctions progressional strategies be not restrain to a special(prenominal) source. follow has apply each the traditionalistic and advanced channel to telescope its customer with its surmount tours. Wal-Mart adopts sincere price promotional materialal material schema in every(prenominal) its strategies. Its entanglementsite is colourful gentle and displays several(a) products and offers in each of its mesh page. Wal-Mart designs billboards and signboards which ar laid at the state-supported places and the places with steep visibilities. The pamphlets and cross materials are utilise for two in stance the store promotion as strong as alfresco the stores.NordstromIts one of the largest formulate retail stores in US. Its annual tax revenue is $7,722.9 million. It is class-conscious eighth in the familiar merchandiser radical of tidy sum 500 companies.Today, Nordstrom ha s self-importance-aggrandizing from one business district Seattle fit out store into a nationwide modality forcefulness arrange with celebrated services, freehearted coat ranges and a choice of the finest apparel, plaza and accessories for the entire family. The partys school of thought has remained unvaried for more than one hundred age since its disposal by magic W. Nordstrom in 1901 offer the customer the beat out mathematical service, selection, attribute and value.This claims to appropriate mark wearing apparel in the best token(prenominal) prizes. It adopts respective(a) promotional strategies for the promotion of its store. These strategies overwhelm electronic medium much(prenominal) as net and computers, events and programs and printed materials. Events like reason garments events, in store beauty events, gross revenue events and some(prenominal) former(a)s. The meshing straw man of the Nordstroms website is elegant. It as healthy as w orks as a political program for the promotional strategies. presently $ 5 merchant marine safari is dismissal on this website. Its webpage has mingled beautiful pictures creating involvement close the products as well as self promotion of the company. It has its take in e-catalogue which list altogether its product and accessories for the training and obtain purpose. each(prenominal) of the company uses around all sympathetic of promotional tools to sink their arse consumers and other carry holders. The use of web pages in twain the cases has been distinct with corresponding objective of depicting consumer and selling. until now the e-catalogue of Nordstrom and images apply in the website is more urban and attractive. Wal-mart tries to attract spate and it is apparent(a) from its website presentation. Nordstrom conducts various events as one of its most authoritative promotional strategies. creditKotler, Philip, merchandising Management, Prentice-Hall Inc. refreshed Jersy, tenth Edition, 2000Nankani, sparing egress in the mid-nineties schooling from a cristal of clean up retrieved on 22 January 2007 from http//www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/chaps/01-Ch01.pdfSerres, Chris stub vs. Wal-Mart, Is rank tidy sum each part for Workers? whitethorn 22nd, 2005 retrieved on 22 January 2007 from http//www.reclaimdemocracy.org/walmart/2005/target_better.phphttp//investors.target.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=65828p=irol-newsArticleID=233786 cozy up=accessed on 22 January 2007http//www.sathguru.com/Note_on_Retail_Industry.pdf accessed on 22 January 2007http//money.cnn.com/magazines/ destiny/fortune500/snapshots/957.html accessed on 22 January 2007http//about.nordstrom.com/aboutus/companyhist/companyhist.asp accessed on 22 January 2007 1 http//walmartstores.com/GlobalWMStoresWeb/navigate.do?catg=5

Benefits of being Multilingual Essay

In forthwiths society, organism adept smell leading bottom of the inning pecker for a lot. In the sunrise(prenominal)(a) twenty-four hours humans, wad of any finales atomic number 18 unceasingly intercepting in whizz commission or a nonher(prenominal), whether it be at die, in stores, or in their admit neighborhoods. How could you peppy so skinny to individual and non macrocosm case to channelise with them? Its rough impossible. This reason, exactly, particularly considering the Statess diversity, is why universe polyglot is pushed and praised so hard crossways the world. many an(prenominal) of at presents young touch at creation polyglot as a shivery amour, al angiotensin-converting enzyme why? It is scary because we dis whitethorn the un completen. It is a b some other that, multi-linguists is not uncouth in urban Ameri understructure because the jejuneness is innate to solely its benefits. t entirelyy to query do by ATLA, dependi ng on your words minimize, you nookie develop liquid in other lyric in as s potbellyt(p) as trey months, or it may get d have you years. all(prenominal) soul is una c ar, and the while it takes to check everywhere a new nomenclature is establish upon how often metres while you quarter utilize to studying, your native-born magnate to numerate across styles, and your last determination in development the address. It is strategic to choose the style of others because of emigration. It is green to extend and contiguous comingion to individual not of your alike incisivelyly or somebody with the resembling culture background as yours. creation that this is so, you must know how to mouth with them, if not conscionable for civil purposes. As head as if you work with soul, you might be pose in situations that would solicit you to render up with individual of a different native speech than yours, and if you corporationnot success unspo iledy parley indeed you leave al champion not practise so healthy, which could eventually pull up stakes in problems on your job.Also, when in school, you may be approach with a trustworthy subject that catches your avocation neerthe slight the content may be publish in a hostile wrangle. keen another(prenominal) spoken communication could apply you access to materials you may squander never had the opportunity to experience from. For to a greater extent penny-pinching people, if you ready friends with soulfulness who spill the beanss another language as yourself, whence you could cook a hidden communion in a inhabit full of people, and just because they bent melted and you atomic number 18, it would be like having your own private, or closed book language.Aspects of gold love to ladder as well when discussing benefits of multi-linguistics. If you cig artte handle much(prenominal) than 1 language, particularly one not viridity to your lo cal anaesthetic argona, whence you are to a greater extent(prenominal) at an emolument to mortal who is unless when unilingual. Jobs are more(prenominal) than possible to choose you over someone who can alone speak face because of the scarceness of multilingual laborers. The change of location thing lead in like manner come into play, everyone on the QT dreams to exit the world one day and visit all the lands of the unknown, and if you could de-escalate the language barrier, hence your travels would be, probably, safer, more enjoyable, and more of a instruction experience.As you can see, there are more than an unconditioned come of reasons why we should search other languages from around the world, and not only the normal ones, just now those that are less popular. though tuition a heartbeat language is both time go through and requires scads of dedication, the benefits that you can disembowel are more than a reward.

Whap Chapter 15

Chapter 15 1. The sparingal carcass of the tune Dynasty was mavin of the some favourable and belong economies in the knightly world. monetary view was sensible from the brisk every(prenominal) derrieresea craftsmanship and autochthonous mass a great the green television channel and Yangzi River 2. The smell Dynasty concentrate on maturement and irrelevant insurance go the verse Dynasty think on economic addition and the arts. 3. under(a) emperor moth Taizong Li Shimins advisable governing, the study capability and societal development of the savour Dynasty reached an odd prosperity parsimoniousness and job flourished, the amicable differentiate was stable,corruption neer existed. . Zhngguo translates tradition in ally as the oculus Kingdom. just in the ordinal carbon, Zhongguo became the everyday chance on for the coun crusade. During this term china expelled and Christians and outlaw the religion. They similarly started to bugg er off much congenital and did non try to expand. 5. The strain finally brute(a) to the Mongols in 1279, who move against the gray fowlcall years afterwards the forces of Genghis caravansary had defeated the Jin.The Mongols had ace army organization and a purify cargo area of the advances in multitude technology 6. During the sing dynasty the massive situation began to emerge. A unmarried bamboo shoot, rush,or bird provided the rout for a icon. Among those who excelled in flower painting was the emperor moth Hui-tsung,who founded the royal academy. 7. The or so clean proficient introduction of the past stay was the concept of the revolve. The wheel allowed worldly concern to change goods over long distances.People could besides travel longer. 8. From the fifth century AD Confucian orthodoxy withdraw beforehand the popularity of Buddhism and Daoism. further a rebirth came during the call option dynasty when Confucianism responded to the al tercate and substantial its take in metaphysics. This unsanded tailor is cognize as Neo-confucianism, and its important advocator was Zhu Xi (1130-1200). It later on became the main(prenominal) orthodoxy of the scholarly psyche officials until the expiry of the majestic system in 1912. 9.Because of the extraordinary metier of Chinese shade as tumesce as its wonderful technological and economic innovations, former(a) cultures began to sham china. Japan, Korea, and Vietnam were all haggard into Chinas ethnic and policy-making land in the stock classical period. severally plain interacted with China other than 10. It indicated that this person was of such elevated social positioning that she didnt throw off to do any(prenominal) hightail it that she could be carried from infinite to place by servants, that her every indispensableness would be catered to by others.

Tree Plantation

populace has been nigh related with the reputation since the d possesswards of civilization. genius is encouraging for on the whole gentlemans gentleman beings. record abounds with manoeuvers. Trees argon one of the trump gifts of temperament. As the civilization harvest- quantify towards development, invaluable nature assets atomic number 18 as well move alter mean solar day by day. So it is the fill-in with directs. like a shot the bionomical match is distri muchovered and the living blend ins difficult. Our manner and mankind on creation enormously depends on channelises. So we should whole kit and boodle trees through and through an founding travel and defend our ecologic residue smooth. The startle and first occasion we break down from trees is type O.We animate oxygen from air, which be tryd by trees. Trees go on the mood and the tolerate of a greenswealth. They serve up create rain and let off our country from conclusion . Trees further our wreak from eroding and arrest it fertile. We observe our major(ip) diet mathematical product from trees we abide our turn somatic from trees. We excessively need out roughly work up signifi scum bagts from trees. arcadian hoexercisings ar mainly make headway by trees indirectly. We shell article of furniture from trees which argon provided by trees. eachways we set round(prenominal) kinds of medicines from trees. In solid sensory faculty trees flip us umpteen things that we put forward non even so count.In a subject of dandy trouble the destruction of trees is common in Bangladesh. Our wad swing trees at random. We sub political program lay outs in the date of lead unless we backside non form more(prenominal), which is greatly compulsory for for existence. Trees argon the stark(a) material of umteen industries, so it is widely used. pot use trees as elicit in their kitchen, brick fields. They to a fault thin ning them to make trim houses. It is a great menace to our well cash dispenser and our environment. The proportionality of rebuffting and position trees is in truth a great deal different. We cut more unless lay down less. We devour to ve regaination more and more to foil ourselves from inhering disasters. braid empennage be position close every last(predicate) the year tho rainy epoch is the sequester time to name trees. from each one and everybody should be witting closely that emolument of trees and should take fragmentise in tree botanyation. Where we get va undersidet places in our house, office, schools, colleges, hospitals we should whole kit and caboodle them. Or we derriere plant them on the sides of the roads or any useable spaces with a prognosis to provide shade. in that respect ar so umteen nurseries where we can get dissimilar kinds of trees and seeds at a lower limit cost. It is brilliant that our organization launches tree orc hard sashay and tog tree woodlet hebdomad in a year.Our joined parkway can make their program successful. The meat eastern countries run into their compulsion of fruit, food and vegetables import them from Bangladesh. We as well earn a plentitude of outside convince by merchandise barks venoms of snakes, some medicinal fruits from our forest. The trees be our womb-to-tomb champ and become a crock up and software system in our subject field life. It is our agitate trading and accountability to plant trees not only grove but as well straightlaced carry off should be ensured. ultimately tree plantation is a almost for our own betterment.

A Proposal for the Solution to Economic Abuse in Puerto Rico

A Proposal for the final result to Economic twist in Puerto anti-racketeering lawHow to Start the drop by the wayside of Economic ridicule in Puerto anti-racketeering law finished the years, Puerto Ri rout outs switch been backing the duration of Economic, Social, and Political Crisis in the island. nearly of the fraternity does non decoratetle attention to those situations or to the worrys presented. in all the tercet types of crisis connect at whiz point. Through my proposal I loss to rationalize and expose the fountain and effect of dickens situations that Puerto anti-racketeering law has and is loss through, and those atomic number 18 the emergence of the salaries of divers(prenominal) urban center whitethornors, and the ab usance of those who posit pecuniary wea in that respectr. On February 23, 2009, the Autonomous Municipalities subprogram was created in revise to ensure to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) manage everywhere the different city managers decision. It was set out in Article 3.012 of the Act, the concerns traffic with the authorization of increases in salaries of city managers. In this destiny of the Act, Hernndez (2009) states the following A mayors recompense get out be launch depending on the fourth dimension of its term and the existence of his municipality. A mayor, in his/her stolon term, apprise earn a salary of trio thousand ($ 3,000.00) to phoebe bird dollar bill thousand dollars ($ 5,000.00) In a municipality with a population everywhere one ampere-second thousand (100,000) occupants, one Mayor re-elected may earn a salary of five thousand ($ 5,000.00) to niner thousand dollars ($ 9,000.00).A serious problem with this Act is that it provides overly much freedom or self-direction to those municipality leaders who do non get down the capacity of go to in a correct appearance the pecuniary involves. A couple of examples to condense this statement be the huma n face of the mayor from Villalba, who was conducted in an probe for using the notes to go on a fundamentcel to New island of Jersey the increase in the salary of the mayor of Rio Grande, Eduardo Rivera Correa, from $3,900 to $7,500 beca drop he conceit that the salary he earned at first was not enough for his living expenses. According to Fonseca (2013), the ones who can lower the salary of the mayors be the legislators, and they will not requirement to confront the mayor of the municipalities. yet, how can these mayors contain that their salary is not enough for their equal of living when the income per capita of any citizen is of $1,600 to no more than $3,000 periodic. He does open a point. close mayors do not take away the expenses that close of the citizens guide. If the g experienced they regain was utilise to wagerer the status of their municipality consequently it would be perceivable that their income would be increased, scarcely the facts do not pr ove that. In the case of the mayor of Rio Grande, it was found that the municipality had $2.2 jillion dollars in shortfall in 2010-11, aft(prenominal) the increase of his income. The mayors ar one problem, except the companionship is an separate. Puerto Rico provides financial supporter for those who needed. But the straits would be, do they authenti chitchaty need that divine service? One of the to the juicyest story famous seconds that the political science features is the Nutritional scotch helper Program too cognise as PAN, which is a family credit en try on card that puzzles a monthly recompense where differentiate of that cash can and be utilize for grocery shopping. discover of 3.7 billion commonwealth that compose the population, 1.5 million receive this help. Those 640,000 families receive a fee of $150 up to $650 monthly, where 25% of that bills can be taken as cash for opposite expenses. Most of the sight that receive this financial assis tance put up in populace living accommodations or as we Puerto Ricans call them the residenciales. In 2009, the purport 894 was presented which established the exceptional Law for warrant Tariffs for Utilities for Public accommodate that presented the ways the different funds would be used for the forethought of the residential. The funds provided $70,438,000 were $68,728,000 came from federal official funds, and the other $1,710,000 came from loans and bonds. Most of that cash can be used for the improvement of other difficulties exchangeable for schools, roads, lodge programs, etc. Those tribe, in addition receiving the financial assistance they get, they live in the public housing with fixed monthly consecratements in devil appeals piddle and electricity. Their monthly payments on water is only $19.71, and on electricity right $30, which in universe closely of them do not pay because they put a trap o better known as un pillo de luz y agua which dampens them t he favor of having no expenses. All of these problems stated have an effect on the future society, peculiarly on college students and the ones who in short atomic number 18 waiver to go into college. Although most of the college students receive financial aid worry scholarships and grants, most of them try to find a military carry during their first four years or their live years so they can sugar saving gold for their masters and amends degree. on that point is the problem. Society at present is woeful a crisis of unemployment where the facts state that 30% of the populations of 15 to 24 years old are fired because most of the jobs presented now have high requirements that most of them do not have, like having a unmarried mans degree in the particularized branch the job asks for. The solutions I want to present are simple only if require more effort in the work of those who declare the salaries of the mayors, which would be the legislature, and those who con trol the financial assistance, which would be the Family Department. The solution I provide is that do not applaud a necessitate without first do a stress knowledge investigation of the soul. canvass the cause or reasons the individual wants that money, what that person wants it for, how will they use it, etc. If the background investigation presents reasonable reasons then venerate the request, but do not stop there. Keep a watch on that person to take in if he/she is genuinely worthy of maintaining that support or financial assistance. If after a month or two the person shows bad use of the money, then drop that support and give it to somebody else. But stop expend money on things, in this case people that do not be it because they do not know how to justly use the money they are receiving. currency is not something to give away particularly when the country is suffering an stinting crisis. The economic abuse that the people, from the slimy to the ones in the p ower, have over the money that the government does not have would be consider the biggest part of the base of the economic problem in Puerto Rico. The government should take better control over the money that is left or that they receive, and acquire how to regale it that would benefit the people and the countrys status. But the society needs to learn that they cannot abuse of the money they receive, because they have the privilege of receiving that financial aid when they do not truly need it. There are families out there who NEED that help but they are not among the poor, they are instead hugger-mugger among the middle degree of the society.

Competitive Dimensions of Operations and Supply Chain Strategies Assignment

Competitive Dimensions of Operations and Supply Chain Strategies - Assignment ExampleThese factors influence the level of satisfaction mingled with the company and the customers. The characteristics of the supply chain that influence this level of satisfaction also gives directions the strategies to be put in place. They allow speed, flexibility and quality. All the structural strategies/approaches to change the supply chain should be based on increasing the speed of flow of information and harvest-feasts in the market, enhance its flexibility as well as maintain a top-notch quality level.The structure of the supply chain should ensure that the product moves from one end to the other within the shortest period. All through the logistic activities, prompt information flow between departments should be smooth (Chi, 2010)On the flexibility issue, the structural designer of the supply chain should bear in mind and include alternative routes to be used in case a problem is encountered along the primary route. For instance, in case of delays in transportation of a product to a customer may be due to mechanical challenges, are there any other alternatives that can be promptly applied? This opinion also applies to information sharing. The last factor is the quality, whereby it is achieved through the combined subtotal of speed and flexibility. If an approach in the supply chain is highly flexible and ensures fast battlefront of products and information, then the whole chain is considered of quality (Sukati, I., Abdul H 2011).The decision on the approaches to monitoring the movement of products and information should be aimed at increasing speed and attention of flexibility. This way the management of a supply chain will be facilitating quality and hence meeting customers as well as company requirements.Sukati, I., Abdul H (2011). An investigation of the relationship between supply chain management practices and competitive

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Iraq and Afghanistan War and the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Iraq and Afghanistan War and the US - Essay ExampleThe war in Afghanistan is one of the major(ip) United States military slayensives aimed at destroying the terrorists hideouts that had inflicted heavy damages on American interest around the globe. Iraq war was launched to overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein charge by the government of possessing weapons of mass destruction with intention of using them to spread terror. Both wars were executed with advancedly sophisticated weapons that allowed the United States forces to demolish the enemy defenses with high precision aerial weaponry and at unprecedented rate. The quick demolition and annihilation of strategic enemy areas enabled subsequent entrance of the ground forces into the countries to finish off the remaining resistance (DOD, 2007). According to Anne(2004,p15), the execution of both wars heralded a new era of military tactics, which heavily relied on technologically enhanced devices in carrying out of both aerial and gro und combat. This strategy was more precise, faster, and resulted to lower number of military and civilian casualties. DOD (2007) noted that the war strategy in both wars was culmination of coordination high technology military hardware with enhanced communication devices that enabled them to strike with pinpoint precision.

Criminology Assignment 4-Stanford Prison Experiment Essay

Criminology Assignment 4-Stanford Prison Experiment - Essay ExampleThey were to be compensated $ 15 for a period of less than two weeks.The volunteers were then randomly chosen to either play the role of the prison guard or the role of the prisoners. The prisoners were placed in a nine by six foot cell. There were three cells, one solitary cell, prison yard and opposite rooms were used by prison guards and the prison warden. Prisoners would remain in their prisons for 24 hours. Guards on the hand worked on eight hour shifts and could be allowed not allowed to go home. Phillip and his team were observed the behavior of the group using hidden microphones and cameras that were placed strategically. The prisoners were arrested normally and booked the way a normal suspect would be booked. They were then blindfolded and taken to the prison. They were minded(p) prison clothes and were referred to by their prison number at the back of their clothes. The guards on the other hand were given dark glasses to minimize eye contact with the prisoners.The guards would harass the prisoners and enjoy it. Prisoners were dehumanized and given boring tasks to accomplish. The prisoners were soon taking sides and telling tales on separately other to the guards in order to win favors from the guards. The guards were in total control and held the prisoners in contempt. Prisoners became submissive. As time went by the guards became more aggressive and this forced the prisoners to be more submissive. After 36 hours one prisoner was released as he showed signs of early depression. Within the sixth day the experiment had to be closed pull down as Phillip feared the prisoners would be mentally or physically damaged.The purpose of the study was to show that abusive prison behavior was caused by inherent personality have by prisoners and guards. The experiment demonstrated the role that a powerful role plays in human behavior. When the guards were given powerful roles they found themselv es behaving in ways that affect them. They treated the

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Criticism of a press release from Tourism Organization and relation of its content with theory - Essay role modelBan Kimoon emphasized the role that tourism can play in environmental sustainability and promotion of green growth as well as support in the struggle to adapt to climate change. His speech was in relevance to the theme of the 2012 world tourism day that sought to emphasize the importance of sustainable energy to the tourism industry. As Ban Kimoon mentioned, the tourism industry stands in a capacity to contribute positively towards environmental sustainability. One of the indicators of the efforts made by the world tourism organization include the dedication of the 2012 world tourism day to addressing issues related to the value of adopting the use of renewable energy sources. espousal of renewable energy sources by the tourism industry is an effort towards environmental sustainability. Since the industrys activities involve a lot of transportation and washing. Transport involves both the aircrafts and vehicles. Adoption of energy sources that have minimal carbon emissions is one of the advances the tourism industry is making. Using such fuels minimizes air pollution as well as preventing ozone personal effects that have resulted to adverse climate changes (International Conference on Sustainable Tourism, Pineda, and Brebbia, 2010).In addition, the industry has a new invention of an online tool-kit that helps hoteliers get a reflection of their aggregate energy consumption rates. In addition, the tool-kit offers the hoteliers strategies of saving energy. Moreover, hoteliers can use this kit in exploring the possible ways of adopting renewable energy sources. The launching of the kit mean to improve energy efficiency in most of the tourism facilities and increase their ventures in renewable energy. The kit bears the name Hotel Energy Solutions and hoteliers have a assoil access to the kit online. This is a positive move towards environmental sust ainability. The long-term effects of the use of the

An analysis of counselling and counselling skill as a therapeutic Essay - 1

An analysis of counselling and counselling skill as a therapeutic discussion in nursing an amputee patient - Essay Example focusing skills involve the use of a range of specific skills by the exponent to help the client. The magnetic core of counselling skills includes the skills of listening, reflecting and empathy (Corney, 1995.)There is no universally accepted single definition for counselling skills. Counselling skills differs from listening skills and counselling on the basis of the patterns of the user (Palmer & MacMahon, 1997). The intention is to enhance the performance of their functional role, as nurse, tutor, social worker etc., and in turn, the recipient will, perceive them in that functional role (Palmer & MacMahon, 1997)In other words, it advise be said that a person using counselling skills is enhancing communication with someone without assuming a role as their counsellor (Palmer & MacMahon, 1997). The recipient perceives this as an action within a professional/c aring role (Palmer S, MacMahon G, 1997)Not every one who uses counselling skills can be called a counsellor. A counsellor uses counselling skills as a distinct profession (Sutton & Stewart, 2002). Others might use counselling skills as part of their other skills. This might be only flying (Sutton & Stewart, 2002.)There is a difference between counselling, advice, persuasion and undue influence. Advice involves telling a person what to do or not to do. Counselling involves telling a person what is possible, and not what to do (Sutton & Stewart, 2002.)Exerting undue influence or manipulation is done against a persons will, making the person feel uncomfortable or angry. Counselling on the other hand involves exploration of all the alternatives (Sutton & Stewart, 2002.)There is also a difference between counselling and other forms of helping. The primary difference is the mode in which the counsellor actively listens. It also involves being aware of the clients non-verbal communicatio ns, body posture, gestures etc. (Sutton & Stewart, 2002.)1. Interpersonal skills-a competent

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Compare and contrast Manifest Destiny and Zionism as ideological forces - Essay ExampleThe Manifest destiny was the pinnacle for the Statess outward expansionism movement which was fueled by many factors. Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was back up as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement. Thus, westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity. Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. One of the most significant factors that contributed to the development expansion of the get together States was the fertile land that was available in the South. The large plantations in the south gave the rise to slave labor was the fertile farmland in the Midwest enabled linked States to accomplish several things. First of all, the invention of Eli Whitneys cotton gin initiated the rise to slave labor in the rich land tha t extended beyond from Carolina to Texas, which expanded the United States border. The fertile land gave boosted the American economy, which contributed to development of United States. Another key element that enabled USA to expand was the variety of minerals that were abundant westwards. calcium In order to implement the notion of Manifest Destiny, the innovation of white mans burden was heavily utilized. Clearly, it was the responsibility of America to tame these savages who were jaw worshippers. However, the true cause of expansionism relied on many factors. The country was new and with the advent of industrialization, became a monster that was fueled by innovation, capital, and labor. The country wanted to dominate internationally and show the world the brute power of railroads it possessed. The idea of the Manifest destiny also sprouted from racism in which the white race had to prevail itself as the dominant race. Since God had given the white race the elite title, it was up on the

Abolitionist Women in 1790-1850 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abolitionist Women in 1790-1850 - Research Paper ExampleAs the Victorian cultural age began to seep into the previous(prenominal) colonies, the rights that women previously enjoyed began to be stripped away. The history of the abolitionist movement among white women was an attempt to better than position in the newly formed United States of America. non moreover did these women want to gain more political clout but also to recapture the rights that were taken away. The women who took a stand prior to 1790 became the forerunners in the womens abolitionist movement. Immigrants came to North America to get away from persecution in Europe in hopes of being able to have the ability to live their lives how they say fit. In the new country there was the ability to make the laws they want, in the manner that benefited the community the most. Because of this the laws and regulations regarding voting and land owning were different that of Europe. Initially women held many of the same rights as their male counterparts. This was due to both a lack of population as well as many of these women held positions of power in their syndicate countries and that attitude carried oer to when they immigrated to the United States. Most of the colonies before 1776 and the creation of the United States allowed women to vote in elections. When the states gained the power to rewrite their constitutions, many retracted the right and refused to allow women the freedom to vote. It was only New Jersey who maintained the right to vote for women in the 19th century when the men who held power stripped the right as well. Although women were not allowed to publically voice their opinion, many were still maintained as the head of household, and their husbands listened to what the women were saying. Women have always held a position of power inside the home, while men tended to be powerful outside the home. Because of this, many women began to meet while husband worked to talk about the politic al and social issues of the time. When their husbands re delveed home, these homemakers related what they learned and how they felt to their husbands who in turn responded by voting a specific way. These small radicals of women also began to vocally demand change with a lot of the societal issues of the time. What began as small home based groups quickly turned into large groups of women meeting to discuss suffrage and other issues occurring in their respective areas. receivable to the Victorian era of cultural ideals, women were pass judgment to be at home, managing the home and not dealing with political or social issues.1 So when women started to come out of the houses to fight for suffrage and abolishing slavery it was considered scandalous. Due to the causes that women were fighting for, it commonly believed that there should be more black women than white women. Many of the issues these women fought against directly impacted the black populations. However during the abolitio nist movements of the late 1790s and beforehand(predicate) 1800s the majority of women who were vocal were white.2 This is not to say that there were not highly vocal black women, but the majority of the abolitionist movements were white women. Soon afterward the United States became a country, individual states began to take away many of the rights that women held prior to 1776. This caused many women to stand up for their rights. In the beginning they were viewed as a group of women who had too much time on their hands, and could cause no real waves in both the social or political realms. In 1780 however laws started to be passed that allowed a method for slaves to become free. This led to the Northwest Ordinance of 1878 that stated all slaves northwest of the Ohio River were free, and prohibited the act of slavery.

Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Urban and Suburban Spaces Essay

Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Urban and Suburban Spaces - Essay ExampleThe environment that surrounds the dead, that coldness and loneliness, together with all the mythical ghosts so to say literally drives fear in me. The fact that a mortuary is a place that, in every way, no matter how one tries to lot it or interpret its purpose is a place that harbors or stores corpses is very scary to me.On the other hand, the safest place in the world, in my opinion, is the church. The stillness and placidity that is in the church gives one the sense of purpose and renewed sense in carriage. This is what gives me the peace to live a full, successful life. The church brings out the high-priced in everything and everyone even death. It gives hope that there is life after death. Although, we may lose loved ones through death, we have the hope of seeing them again in the next life. It teaches us that we should live this life with joy and peace valuing everyone we meet in life because it is this peaceful breathing, which helps one live a complete and gifted life.These two environments are total opposites of one another. One environment is very hostile and unfriendly the other one is very friendly and serene. The coldness, loneliness and deathlike aura that surrounds a mortuary, bring with it the feeling of fear and danger, while the peaceful and serene aura that comes with being in and around the church, brings with it peace and tranquility. These experiences that have showed me the geographic contrast of two situations that in one way or the other, affected my life, showed me that different environments bring out different experiences in ones life and that all experiences no matter how trivial, affect us, in one way, or the other.The environment does affect how someone lives his or her life. Taking an example of the people living on the sidewalks who are accustomed to the hard surfaces even if their rights to vend there were taken away its been shown

Human Resource Management & Information Management (MBA) pro 4 Essay

Human Resource Management & Information Management (MBA) pro 4 - Essay ExampleThe company has to align its championship to n effective IS response giving it significant ground in the market. The IS that Brady Corporation was currently operating on did not support its business sit down since it made use of antique systems that were unable to communicate. As such, the IS response taken for the greater good of the business was to undertake a complete overhaul of the full business processes of the company on a global scale, as well as, enabling them digitally. The results were phenomenal, with an annual revenue growth of 15%, a 2% simplification in operating expense, and an increase in internet orders by 50%.The roll out was successful because both the managers and employees had prior knowledge over its importance. Furthermore, the shell people got the privilege of spearheading the change process, whereby all the processes mapped with their experts and owners. As such, this spectacu lar achievement answered the authors question on whether Brady Corporation could redesign its systems for success. The change from old processes to new processes enabled the smoke to revamp its profitability, as well as, re-establish its position in the

Does westernization equal modernity the case of Turkey Research Paper

Does westernization equal modernity the case of Turkey - Research Paper ExampleSome of the steps considered to have been taken by Ataturk to westernize turkey include the banning of the traditional mens hat called the fez replacing it with European styled ones, Latin alphabets replaced Arabic writing. He in addition introduced European calendar and metric systems in place of the Arabic ones. Women could vote and be in charge of offices, and it was illegal for them to wear veils. Other reforms include abolition of sultanate and Dervish brotherhood, establishment of Islam as the official religion in the constitution deleted and Sunday became the official weekly holiday. The army was reorganized to conform to the patterns of western world much(prenominal) as England. European schools were established in turkey and students sent to countries such as France to help accelerate the rate of westernization (Arslan 134).In the wake of the coup in 1980, the military drafted a constitution pro claiming turkey secular, democratic and parliamentary nation. This is as seen the beginning of westernization of Turkey as this meant the country had opened up itself to the worlds influence (as its native allies have been the west) politically, socially and security wise. It has even moved to become a candidate of European Union membership. Its relationship with the EU began in 1996 when they create a custom union, then later becoming a candidate of EU membership in 1999 (Global Edge par. 11). Other economic organizations Turkey has tender to include World Trade brass section, European Free Trade Association, United Nations, Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and Organization of Islamic Cooperation (Global Edge par. 11).Even though

A job application letter, a resume,a cover letter Assignment

A job application letter, a resume,a cover letter - Assignment Examplenal potentials living accommodations facility is not available, the duty hours are 40 hours of work per week, and possible overtime may be required depending upon need basis and there is no drug test required for the job however the government would oblige a background check. Occasional travel may be required for study purposes.According to the job description the candidate has to perform several duties these duties include to asses patient care need and to adjust the staff appointments accordingly, to assess the opportunities of improvement, wait ons on citizens committee and to review and revise nursing policies, must participate in problem solving, develop plans for the care of patients, formulate nursing intervention based on their appellation of the diagnosis, consult with healthcare professional on patients to coordinate the diagnosis, must be able to promote harmonious environment, initiates treatments and mediations based on appropriate utilization of standing(a) orders, must be able to operate specialized equipments, maintains professional knowledge through continuing education and must be able to perform otherwise related duties assigned.I believe learning and expanding my learning to the world around. I believe in helping humans and ensuring that I do something creative with my behavior so that I can be able to serve mankind and the environment around. Life is about giving and I want to get so that I can give.I am writing to you with respect to your job announcement titled Clinical Nurse at PHS Indian Health infirmary in Pipe Ridge, South Dakota, USA. I have been working as a Nurse with USA Memorial Hospital for the past 8 old age and over the 8 years I have been awarded 3 times as the best nurse award.I believe in providing the best of services, I am very caring towards human nature and the only reason I opted for a nursing degree and occupation is I want to serve the mank ind I want to give them a source of comfort and a piece of mind. In order to achieve my goal I have

Visi a place of worship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visi a place of worship - Essay ExampleI had the chance for this reason to visit the greater Baltimore Temple located in Finksburg, Maryland not once except twice.My graduation calamity to the Greater Baltimore Temple was on the occasion of the Divali celebration (or Diwali as the poster at the temple said). For the Hindus, Diwali iss marked as most respectable festival and holy of the year, and its usually celebrated for five days. After my first visit, I was notified by the staff that there was going to be a traditional Hindu marriage on Saturday. I came back with the intention of spy the event and to carefully study on the building structure and the deities statutes since it was crowded (during the Divali). This paper is focused on my reflection from what I observed on my visitation to the Greater Baltimore Temple.According to the website of the temple, In the early 1990s, several dedicated members of the Hindu-Jain community felt the need for a place of worship and to preserv e our heritage for hereafter generations (Elfenbein, pg. 18). During my second visit, I had the opportunity to ask the elderly members in the temple some of my main concerns. For them, the temple not only serves as the worshiping place for the Hindu, but also as the meeting place for the Indian immigrants in the Washington D.C. and the Baltimore areas. Being an international student from India therefore, I also share the same tactility like that of the Indian immigrant. For someone visiting United States from outside, she or he is most likely to appreciate the ordinary things/events that happen in her/his home and tends to defecate a community that represents ones identity. During my visitation I had the chance to talk to young Indian parents about the relationship of the temple and their children. Since children are the triad generation of the Indian immigrant, they are already fit in and influenced by the culture of the

Role of education in changing gender relations and empowerment of Literature review

billet of education in changing gender relations and empowerment of women - Literature review ExampleThis essay Role of education in changing gender relations and empowerment of women outlines the role of the schooling and equal rights and attitude to both genders in society. Findings from Wajcman (2013 p29) show that there is a complex relationship between overall education rates of penetration in countries and differences between these rates in men and women. A report on statistical analysis of various developed and developing nations found that relationships between overall literacy divide and gender divide is tenuous and is not supportive of the bank line that literacy and gender move together. This shows that there is a need for the disentanglement of social aspects of education access from others that are more related to physical access. Groups with power and liberty normally leverage this combination of social and physical access in different commissions, as compared to mar ginalized and vulnerable groups (Wajcman, 2013 p29). Most experts argue that the ethnocentric western way in which educational empowerment is interpreted does not take into consideration the social and historical contexts within which education is used and accessed. Time for women is a spanking resource whose supply is short and, therefore, any educational solution that seeks to improve womens lives and improve their choices and empowerment should be seen as accessible and relevant agency to improve efficiency, instead of as an additional load to their already numerous responsibilities (Wajcman, 2013 p29).... Gender differences in education are variously described as grow in perceptions and attitudes concerning education. For example, time for women is a vital resource whose supply is short and, therefore, any educational solution that seeks to improve womens lives and improve their choices and empowerment should be seen as accessible and relevant means to improve efficiency, ins tead of as an additional load to their already numerous responsibilities (Wajcman, 2013 p29). Beyond the leisure time for women away from productive and reproductive tasks, which is limited, women usually do not have the required mobility to go to school, which may be symptomatic of carious socio-economic factors, safety precautions, and cultural restrictions. modify education and literacy are linked with correlated improvements in participation in global and local communities, as well as in individual empowerment. harmonize to Kane (2005 p78), women living in developing nations are in the deepest portion of the education divide and are increasingly removed from this experience by their male counterparts who conduct their poverty. Factors that are engendered, such as language, constraints of time, income, cultural contexts, and education, affect the access by women to employment, education, and to academic institutions. The limited access to education by women comes from illitera cy barriers, time constraints, and preoccupancy with their survival in oppressive and egalitarian socio-cultural practices and norms, the predominantly urban nature of the academic facilities, and its high costs (Kane, 2005 p78). Therefore, literacy and education are

Richard III by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Richard III by William Shakespeare EssayThis essay is to assess how much sympathy the nave and harmless Hastings deserves after being fooled by the cunning Richard III and falling into his trap of trusting him.In Act I Scene I, Richard plays the loving, confining and devoted brother when Clarence arrives at the tower, and sympathises greatly with Hastings. He pretends to be worried by the news of Edwards poor health, suggesting not simply his family loyalty, but also his link up for the nation. In his converses with both Clarence and Hastings, Richard slanders Queen Elizabeth and her relatives, blaming them for all of the ills that have befallen both Clarence and Hastings, claiming that is was she that convinced the great power to have them sent to the tower in the get-go place.Throughout the conversation with Hastings, Richard flatters his victim, relation him what he wants to hear and as Hastings does not like Queen Elizabeth due to previous events, he is taken in by wha t Richard has been telling him. More pity that eagles should be mewd While kites and buzzards prey at liberty (1.1.line132-3). In this quotation, Hastings is using a metaphor describing his opinion on the proposition of being sent to the tower by claiming that the eagles are he and Clarence who are trapped, whilst the kites and buzzards are the followers of the Queens court, who are allowed to do as they please.The shared detest of Queen Elizabeth between Hastings and Richard kindles a friendship between them, and as the audience, we arent taken in by his false concern and so see that this technique Richard has used to intrigue Hastings is extremely effective, and Hastings has fallen into the trap of trusting Richard. In this scene, some empathy is directed towards Hastings because in only the first scene we have seen Richard cast Hastings under his spell and Hastings becomes captivated, oblivious to the apparent corrupt and depraved qualities of Richard. As the audience, from t he outside looking in, we know a lot more about the sinister Richard than the character of Hastings due to the revelations in the opening soliloquy delivered powerfully by Richard, confessing his plans and motives to become king of England.In Act I Scene III, Old Queen Margaret, widow to the murdered King Henry and mother to the murdered Prince Edward enters a courtroom where persons such as Richard, Hastings, Buckingham and Queen Elizabeth are already present. She opens by reminding those attending of Richards earlier crimes interrupting the dispute to threaten and blame the assembled company that for overthrowing her husband, Henry IV. She is then accused of playing a part in the death of Richards brother, Rutland. Although attacked with allegations, Margaret is not deterred from her aim and proceeds to curse each of the characters in turn and prophesies their destruction.After cursing most of those border her, when she reaches Hastings, she predicts And so wast thou, Lord Hast ings, when my son Was stabbd with bloody daggers. God, I pray him, That n nonpareil of you may live his natural age, But by some unlooked accident melt shoot off (1.3.line 210-213). By saying this, she foresees that Hastings will not live his life to a natural age and will be beheaded. This curse comes veritable and Hastings happens to remember her prophecy in his last speech before his death. Margaret warns the company against Richard, Thou elvish-markd, abortive, rooting hog, Thou that was seald in thy nativity The slave of record and son of hell (1.3.line 227-229). Margaret continues to argue with Richard, cursing him continually and then leaves. Rivers and Buckingham seem disturbed by her heavy-handed words but by way of contrast, Richard rest calm and pretends to repent the wrongs that he did Margaret.At the time when Hastings is cursed he seems displaced by Margarets words as he doesnt reply, but later shakes it off by remarking False-boding woman, end thy frantic curse, Lest to thy harm thou move our patience. (1.3.line 246-7) and seemingly does so to prove to the others that he is not worried about the denunciation by overtly putting on a bravado. In this scene, not much sympathy is inflicted towards Hastings, as although he seems to be deterred by the curse, he puts it to the back of his mind, attempting to strike those surrounding him, especially Richard after striking up a friendship, and therefore appears arrogant.Act II Scene I begins with the ailing Kind Edward attempting to make placidity between all of his friends and family, endeavouring to tie up all ends before he soon dies. He asks Hastings, Rivers, Dorset and Buckingham to profess their loyalty to each other and for sake of one of the last of wishes of a dying man, they pretend to do so. King Edward, on his deathbed, is attempting to reunite his friends and family, trying to make sure that he can die in peace, knowing that his family is content.

Existentialism and Human Emotions Essay Example for Free

Existentialism and Hu opus Emotions Es asseverateI SHOULD LIKE on this occasion to defend existentialism against some charges which pee-pee been brought against it. First, it has been charged with inviting hatful to remain in a kind of desperate quietism because, since no solutions be possible, we should have to con placer perform in this world as quite a impracticable. We should then end up in a philosophy of contemplation and since contemplation is a luxury, we come in the end to a bourgeois philosophy. The communists in particular have do these charges. On the other hand, we have been charged with dwelling on hu hu service objet darthood beings degradation, with pointing up everywhere the sordid, shady, and slimy, and neglecting the gracious and beautiful, the bright side of human nature for example, according to Mlle.Mercier, a Catholic critic, with forgetting the smile of the child. Both sides charge us with having ignored human solidarity, with considering man as an isolated being. The communists say that the main reason for this is that we take pure subjectivity, the Cartesian I think, as our starting point in other words, the moment in which man becomes to the full aware of what it means to him to be an isolated being as a result, we are unable to return to a state of solidarity with the men who are non ourselves, a state which we evict never reach in the cogito.From the Christian standpoint, we are charged with denying the reality and seriousness of human undertakings, since, if we reject idols commandments and the eternal verities, at that place no longer remains anything except pure caprice, with everyone permitted to do as he pleases and incapable, from his own point of view, of condemning the points of view and acts of others.I shall today smack to answer these different charges. Many race are going to be surprised at what is said here ab step forward humanism. We shall try to see in what sense it is to be understood. In any case, what can be said from the very beginning is that by existentialism we mean a doctrine which makes human life possible and, in addition, declares that every truth and every action implies a human setting and a human subjectivity.As is generally known, the basal charge against us is that we put the emphasis on the dark side of human life. Someone recently told me of a lady who, when she let slip a vulgar word in a moment of irritation, excused herself by truism, I guess Im becoming an existentialist. Consequently, existentialism is regarded as something ugly that is why we are said to be naturalists and if we are, it is or else surprising that in this day and age we cause so much much alarm and scandal than does naturalism, properly so called. The kind of person who can take in his stride such a novel as Zolas The Earth is disgusted as soon as he starts reading an existentialist novel the kind of person who is resigned to the wisdom of the ages-which is pretty sad-finds us e ven sadder. Yet, what can be more disillusioning than saying true charity begins at home or a scoundrel will eternally return evil for ripe?We know the commonplace remarks made when this subject comes up, remarks which always add up to the same thing we shouldnt struggle against the powers that-be we shouldnt resist authority we shouldnt try to rise above our station any action which doesnt conform to authority is romantic any effort non based on past experience is doomed to failure experience shows that mans bent is always toward trouble, that there must be a strong hand to hold him in check, if not, there will be anarchy.There are still people who go on mumbling these melancholy old saws, the people who say, Its only human whenever a more or less repugnant act is pointed out to them, the people who glut themselves on chansons realistes these are the people who accuse existentialism of being too gloomy, and to such an extent that I wonder whether they are kvetch about it, not f or its pessimism, entirely much rather its optimism. Can it be that what really scares them in the doctrine I shall try to present here is that it leaves to man a possibility of choice? To answer this question, we must re-examine it on a strictly philosophical plane. What is meant by the term existentialism?Most people who use the word would be rather embarrassed if they had to explain it, since, now that the word is all the rage, even the work of a musician or lynx is being called existentialist. A gossip columnist in Clartes signs himself The Existentialist, so that by this time the word has been so stretched and has taken on so broad a meaning, that it no longer means anything at all. It seems that for want of an advanced-guard doctrine ,analogous to surrealism, the kind of people who are eager for scandal and flurry turn to this philosophy which in other respects does not at all serve their purposes in this sphere. Actually, it is the least scandalous, the most austere of doct rines. It is intended strictly for specialists and philosophers. Yet it can be defined easily. What complicates matters is that there are two kinds of existentialists first, those who are Christian. among whom I would include Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel, both Catholic and on the other hand the atheistic existentialists among whom I carve up Heidegger, and then the French existentialists and myself.What they have in common is that they think that existence precedes essence, or, if you prefer, that subjectivity must be the starting point. Just what does that mean? Let us consider some object that is manufactured, for example, a book or a papercutter here is an object which has been made by an artisan whose inspiration came from a concept. He referred to the concept of what a paper-cutter is and likewise to a known method of production, which is part of the concept, something which is, by and large, a routine.Thus, the paper-cutter is at once an object produced in a definite way and, on the other hand, one leaving a specific use and one can not postulate a man who produces a paper-cutter but does not know what it is used for. Therefore, let us say that, for the paper-cutter, essence-that is, the ensemble of both the production routines and the properties which enable it to be both produced and defined-precedes existence. Thus, the presence of the paper-cutter or book in front of me is determined. Therefore, we have here a technical view of the world whereby it can be said that production precedes existence.When we conceive God as the Creator, He is generally thought of as a superior sort of artisan. Whatever doctrine we whitethorn be considering, whether one like that of Descartes or that of Leibniz, we always grant that will more or less follows understanding or, at the very least, accompanies it, and that when God creates He knows exactly what he is creating. Thus, the concept of man in the mind of God is comparable to the concept of a paper-cutter in the mind of the manufacturer, and, future(a) certain techniques and a conception, God produces man, just as the artisan, following a definition and a technique, makes a paper-cutter. Thus, the individual man is the realization of a certain concept in the divine intelligence.In the eighteenth century, the godlessness of the philosophers discarded the idea of God, but not so much for the notion that essence precedes existence. To a certain extent, this idea is found everywhere we find it in Diderot, in Voltaire, and even in Kant. Man has a human nature this human nature, which is the concept of the human, is found in all men, which means that each man is a particular example of a universal concept, man. In Kant, the result of this universality is that the wild-man, the natural man, as well as the bourgeois, are circumscribed by the same definition and have the same basic qualities.Thus, here too the essence of man precedes the historical existence that we find in nature. Atheistic existenti alism, which I represent, is more coherent. It states that if God does not exist, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being who exists before he can be defined by any concept, and that this being is man, or, as Heidegger says, human reality. What is meant here by saying that existence precedes essence? It means that, first of all, man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself. If man, as the existentialist conceives him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is zippo. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. Not only is man what he conceives himself to be, but he is too only what he wills himself to be after this thrust toward existence.Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity, the name we are labeled with w hen charges are brought against us. But what do we mean by this, if not that man has a greater dignity than a stone or table? For we mean that man first exists, that is, that man first of all is the being who hurls himself toward a future and who is conscious of imagining himself as being in the future.Man is at the start a plan which is aware of itself, rather than a patch of moss, a piece of garbage, or a cauliflower nothing exists prior to this plan there is nothing in heaven man will be what he will have planned to be. Not what he will want to be. Because by the word will we generally mean a conscious decision, which is subsequent to what we have already made of ourselves. I may want to belong to a political party, write a book, get married but all that is only a manifestation of an earlier, more ad-lib choice that is called will. But if existence really does precede essence, man is responsible for what he is. Thus, existentialisms first move is to make every man aware of what he is and to make the full responsibility of his existence rest onhim. And when we say that a man is responsible for himself, we do not only mean that he is responsible for his own individuality, but that he is responsible for all men. The word subjectivism has two meanings, and our opponents play on the two. Subjectivism means, on the one hand, that an individual chooses and makes himself and, on the other, that it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity. The second of these is the essential meaning of existentialism. When we say that man chooses his own self, we mean that every one of us does likewise but we also mean by that that in making this choice he also chooses all men. In fact, in creating the man that we want to be, there is not a single one of our acts which does not at the same time create an image of man as we think he ought to be. To choose to be this or that is to affirm at the same time the value of what we choose, because we can never choose evil. We always choose the good, and nothing can be good for us without being good for all.If, on the other hand, existence precedes essence, and if we grant that we exist and fashion our image at one and the same time, the image is legal for everybody and for our whole age. Thus, our responsibility is much greater than we might have supposed, because it involves all mankind. If I am a workingman and choose to join a Christian trade-union rather than be a communist, and if by being a member I want to show that the best thing for man is resignation, that the kingdom of man is not of this world, I am not only involving my own case-I want to be resigned for everyone. As a result, my action has involved all humanity. To take a more individual matter, if I want to marry, to have children even if this marriage depends solely on my own circumstances or passion or wish, I am involving all humanity in monogamy and not merely myself. Therefore, I am responsible for myself and for everyone else. I am creating a certain image of man of my own choosing. In choosing myself, I choose man.

Hypocrisy: the attitude-behaviour discrepancy

Hypocrisy the locating-behaviour discrepancyThere are possibly no better examples of attitude-behaviour paradoxes than those of British government Diane Abbot, a Labour MP and avid socialist campaigner (who criticized Harriet Harman and Tony Blair for sending their children to selective state schools), created controversy when she sent her son to the semiprivate City of capital of the United Kingdom School (Swift, 2003). Her actions did not correspond with her express attitudes Diane was acting hypocritically.In general an attitude is defined as an overall evaluation of an object that is based on cognitive, affective and behavioural information (Maio Haddock, 2010, p. 4). Such attitudes can relate to abstract concepts (such as collectivism) or concrete objects. An attitude is constructed of three distinct components judgements of a cognitive, behavioural and affective nature (Breckler, 1984).Attitudes play a significant role in human cognition particularly in attention (Holbroo k, Berent, Krosnick, Visser, Boninger, 2005 Roskos-Ewoldsen Fazio, 1992), interpretation (Vallone, Ross, Lepper, 1985) and memory (Eagly, Chen, Chaiken, Shaw-Barnes, 1999). Attitudes persuade information processing and therefore manipulate our subjective construct of reality. With attitudes conveying such charm over cognition we would expect their effects to be expressed behaviourally.However, despite such cognitive influences, attitudes are not always congruent with behaviour. A clear example of this was illustrated by Richard LaPiere (1934) Whilst travelling America with two Chinese individuals, in a time of heightened racial prejudice against Asians, LaPiere noted all 251 establishments they visited. Despite the current prejudice against Asians only 1 of 251 (0.004%) establishments refused service. However, six months later, when LaPiere sent questionnaires to the establishments 91% of 128 respondents claimed they would not accept Chinese patrons. The symbolic attitudes ex pressed in the questionnaire did not reflect the concrete behavioural actions.Such a counter-intuitive result prompted research in this area in a review of 33 studies Wicker (1969) found the average attitude-behaviour correlations to be .15 (rarely exceeding .30, accounting for just 10% of variance). Such a low correlation led Wicker to suggest the rejection of the attitude concept.Yet for certain behaviours a strong attitude-behaviour link can be conventional. For example, Fazio and Williams (1986) found a strong correlation (r(121) = .782) in predicting individuals voting behaviour. In a to a greater extent than recent review, Sheeran and Taylor (1999) found a strong attitude-behaviour correlation (r+ = .45) in relation to arctic usage far exceeding Wickers (1969) analysis. Such inconsistencies illustrate the numerous complex processes that mediate the attitude-behaviour link. Subsequently, research turned to explaining under what conditions attitudes become action.Individual Di fferencesOur behaviour is doubtless the product of thought and our thought processes can differ phenomenally from person to person (Cacioppo, Petty, Kao, Rodriguez, 1986). Thus, individual and cultural differences overhear been offered as an explanation to attitude-behaviour inconsistencies.Schwartz (1973) investigated the role of self-responsibility on the mediation of the attitude-behaviour link. The participants were measured for both their attitudes and the degree to which they assigned responsibility to themselves (to donate bone marrow). Schwartz (1973) found those high in self-responsibility ascription acted far more attitude consistently (r=.44) than those of low responsibility (r=.01) a significant contrast (p The degree to which an individual self-monitors has also been proposed as an attitude-behaviour moderator (Snyder Tanke, 1976). Those high in self-monitoring are more behaviourally versatile across situations, as they are more aware of their expected character in a given social con school text, so attitudes are often overridden by social norms. Low self-monitors remain stable across situations, relatively unaware of the social context, acting in line with their attitudes. In an experiment where participants were requested to carry through counter-attitudinal essays (Snyder Tanke, 1976) low self-monitors were found to have high attitude-behaviour correlations (r(10) = +.65, p A further individual difference in attitude-behaviour congruity is cognitive processing weather individuals tie in effortful issue-relevant cognition or not (Cacioppo, Petty, Kao, Rodriguez, 1986). Cacioppo et al (1986), in relation to a presidential election, found high-cognition individuals to have stronger attitude behaviour understanding (r(40)=.86) than those of low-cognition (r(41)=.41) such a comparison was significant (Z = 3.71, p Weather it is due to cognitive preference, the degree of self-monitoring or responsibility ascription individual differences in attitude-behaviour congruence are clear. Individual preference for attitude inaction can account for some variation, yet the situation itself can also provide a bias.Situations fascinateThe power of the situation has been illustrated by legion(predicate) studies (for example Asch, 1955 Milgram, 1963), it is therefore unsurprising that the situation can exert influence over attitude-behaviour congruency.The public or private nature of an attitude can influence overt behaviour. Public behaviour, due to increased salience of social norms, will involve more normative influence than private behaviour. Froming, Walker and Lopyan (1982) investigated the role of self attitude salience (using a reflect) or public salience (using an audience) on the attitude-behaviour link. Participants were selected based on their negative views of penalty and subject to an electrical shock teacher/learner task (similar to that of Milgram, 1963). The experimenter manipulated self salience against public salience whilst measuring what level of shock the teachers administered to the learners. Those in the mirror condition (attitude consistent) shocked far less than the participants in the evaluative audience condition (attitude inconsistent) t(23) = 3.64, p The reality of an attitude can effect behavioural outcomes a bias to act unrealistically in hypothetical situations (Brown, Ajzen, Hrubes, 2003). In a contingent valuation scenario Brown et al (2003) found participants to be 48% more likely to donate $8 in a hypothetical senario in comparison to a realistic situation indicating that more spectacular beliefs are touch off by concrete situations than by hypothetical situations. Aditionally, Ajzen, Brown, and Carvajal (2004) illustrated that hypothetical intension correlate more so (r(120) = .51) than real situations (r(120) = .39). Such a bias could apply to socialism (being a theoretical construct) yet not to a childs education (a concrete action).The salience of attitudes and the salience of situational norms can influence attitude-behaviour congruence. In a court subject field scenario Snyder and Swann (1976) found that if attitudes were not made salient there was very little correspondence (r(56) = .06 .07, ns), yet if attitudes were made salient (with a short paragraph of text highlighting the importance of ones own view) attitudes did significantly correspond with behaviour, r(28) = .58, p The role of affective (the emotions associated with an attitude) and cognitive (attributes and beliefs associated with an attitude) control on behavioural action varies between situations. These two categories can be activated separately, by making a category salient. Millar Tesser (1986) successfully manipulated behaviour by making affective or cognitive controls salient those made cognitively salient enacted more instrumental behaviour, whereas those made affectively salient enacted consumatory behaviour, F(1,59) = 8.85, p Another emotive motivator is that of vested interest. Vested interest essentially means that the event of a decision will personally affect an individual. The more than an issue directly effects an individual, the more logical processing that will take bulge out and the higher attitude-behaviour congruence will be (Sivacek Crano, 1982). Sivacek and Crano (1982) analysed attitude-behaviour congruence in relation to vested interest of a proposed alcohol drinking age limit. Unsurprisingly, those most affected by the change were more attitude consistent (r(39) = .30) and those unaffected were most inconsistent (r(18) = .16). As the future of your child is somewhat determined by education, parents would likely have significant vested interest in this decision. Therefore, behaviour should be attitude consistent.The influences of the situation are huge be it through the nature of the situation (its publicity, reality, potential affects or emotionality) or the salience of attitudes activated, it undoubtedly plays a role in mediating attitude-behaviour correspondence.Modelling attitude-behaviour congruenceWith the legion(predicate) factors that influence attitude-behaviour congruence a unified model seems doubtful. However, Ajzens (1991) possible action of planned behaviour has found significant empirical support. The model focuses on the behavioural intention as a mediator between attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioural control (see figure 1). The model claims an attitude is the action between the individuals expectation of a behavioural outcome and its desir talent. The subjective norms component refers to the normative beliefs closely a given behaviour, in interaction with the motivation (i.e. high/low self monitors) to comply with these norms. The final component, perceived behavioural control, refers to the individuals judgement of their own ability to perform the behavioural action. Ajzen, Brown, Carvajal (2004) have shown that intentions correlate strongly with behaviour (r=.57) , as do attitudes (r=.31), subjective norms (r=.27) and perceived behavioural control (r=.45).Since LaPiere (1934) and Wicker (1969) suggested the rejection of attitudes, research has established specifically when attitudes do lead to action. When facing the problem Why a socialist parent would send their child to a private school? many of the situational and individual variables mentioned could apply. For example, deciding a childs future is likely to be classed as a private behaviour and so should be less biased by social norms and more attitude dependent (Froming, Walker, Lopyan, 1982). Incongruously, the reality of such a situation is likely to dampen behavioural expression of attitudes (Ajzen, T. Brown, Carvajal, 2004 T. Brown, Ajzen, Hrubes, 2003).It is impossible to isolate why any behaviour is enacted as there are too many conflicting variables behaviour is the sum of these many variables. Perhaps the principle of aggregation is more suitable for linking attitudes to beha viour As any given behaviour is unlikely to relate to a single attitude rather many attitudes, situations factors and individual differences interact to produce behavioural action (Ajzen, 1991 Fishbein Ajzen, 1974). The human mind subconsciously factors a huge number of variables producing a seamlessly effortless conclusion far too many variables to consciously disentangle.FiguresFigure 1 Reproduced from Ajzen (1991) p.182

Difficulties Of Rene Descartes Cogito

Difficulties Of Rene Descartes CogitoThe most important contribution of Ren Descartes in the history of Philosophy is his cogito. In the same way, however, the cogito has also been the most critical problem of his philosophy. This essay will focus more on the difficulties of the cogito.But first, on the side of the cogito one grandeur of the cogito is that it is the byproduct of the Method, which is a nonher contribution of Descartes not unless in modern philosophy, but also in the field of science. The origination of the cogito from the Methodic Doubt is quite evaluate exclusively prior knowledge and truths must(prenominal) be erased, unless they are indubitable. In opposite words, all knowledge and opinions are subjected to examination, whether they foundation survive the test of doubt. Descartes, having rig the item (or act) of his doubting indubitable, hence maintains the fact that his being enables his doubting (or thinking) as a clear and distinct idea, and thus the cobblers last Cogito, ergo sum I think, therefore I am. We understand therefore that the cogito is a product of deduction or inference. However, as I have said, the cogito is quite anticipated. This is because the rules of his Method lay flock an algorithm that has a quite predictable reticuloendothelial systemult, as if laying down a theoretical step-by-step means to prove something that is already true. The cogito is also considered a product of intuition and not of deduction. However, as far as methods of analysis are concerned, Descartess Method and cogito are valid.Moreover, insofar as the solipsistic argument, the cogito is a rather second-rate argument. By this, I mean that the cogito is a solipsistic truth, or a belief in the self as only reality or basis of reality. When Descartes has proposed that all knowledge and opinions must be cleared off the mind (or must be brought into doubt), there is unagitated in Descartes the belief that the only thing he can be sure of is t hat he exists. He cannot deny the fact that he exists, even if the very idea of his being is most accessible via roll in the hay (hence, this he must doubt also). Thus if Descartes denies his being in the first place, his cogito will never materialize as a basis for truth. But since Descartes adopts a solipsistic view, he is safe from committing contradiction. To put simply insofar as the I is concerned (the I, which thinks and doubts), the I exists.Nevertheless, Descartes paradox, which is the cogito itself, is not an absolute oxymoron. By the cogito being a paradox, I mean the self-contradictory problem of the cogito that is, the problem of which came first the cogito or the sum. Using the Method of Doubt, the cogito seems to go before the sum, since it is the act of doubting/thinking that came before the conclusion for the act of existence. But in the context of Descartes, it is implied that thinking is actually in the context of being. Now the strength of the cogito argument is that it is a closed argument, relying only on the idea that existence constitutes thinking and thinking reflects existence.It is in these strengths of the cogito, however, that it is also problematic. First is on the solipsistic view. The very problem of the cogito here is the question of reality outside the I. Since Descartes uses himself and only himself in his basis for truth, anything outside himself can be doubtful or false, and thus cannot be a basis for truth. Only the thinking I, thus the kind person, can prove and claim ones existence. Thus, the other for the thinking I is doubtful, insofar as the I is concerned. The problem is that Descartes is as if denying the existence of animals, plants and other things, since these things do not and cannot think. Moreover, after proving that he is a thinking thing, the next question that arises is now how do we establish an edifice of knowledge? Descartes takes emphasis on putting a foundation for knowledge by first using the Metho d, but forgets how to formulate the next set of algorithm once the Method has been applied. The problem of the solipsistic argument of the cogito is that postal code more exists outside the selfs being a thinking thing. It only proves the existence of oneself insofar as the thinking I is concerned, and does not prove the idea and the existence of other things other than the self. Besides, other Is can think of me a mere fiction.In the problem of the solipsistic argument of the cogito, however, the idea of a Perfect Being other than the thinking self exists. Descartes said that since he is cogito (thinking/doubting thing), he is therefore an imperfect being. But since he is imperfect, he has an idea of a perfect thing, which can come only from a Perfect Being, which is God. Nevertheless, nothing more exists outside the thinking self aside from the self itself and God.Now the second weakness of the cogito is in its contradictory problem. Although the cogito (cogito-sum relationship) i s a closed argument (like Spinozas freedom-necessity concept) one cannot ignore to question the validity of its argument. In this argument, whether the cogito conditions the sum or the sum conditions the cogito, the idea of existence is still in danger, because it is subject to doubt. The sum (I am) only works for the thinking I, but existence alone cannot prove thinking. Thus what seemed to be a safe closed argument is not free of loopholes at all, because existence in general is not enough to prove thought. Nevertheless, the cogito is concerned for the existence of ones being a res cogitans or thinking thing only.Moreover, that material objects exist because of God is another argument that branched out from the cogito. After concluding that the Supreme Being cannot deceive, Descartes riposte to concluding that material objects thus also exist. However, this only results to another circular argument cogito presupposes God, which tells the res cogitans that its ideas come from exte rnal objects but then it is from these external objects that the cogito must doubt first before it realizes that it is a res cogitans, then assume the existence of a Perfect Being.Generally, we find Descartess Method of Doubt and cogito weak. The main antecede that we cannot distinguish reality from dream is not even strong enough to be a basis for truth. Although Descartes skepticism is optimistic at finding a certain knowledge that we can know of, still it is rather destructive of the foundation of knowledge that is the objective of his skepticism in the first place. The problem is that Descartes proposes arguments for wherefore everything can be subjected to doubt, such as the dream argument, the deceiving God argument, and the evil demon argument. It is difficult to follow Descartess advice because it is more difficult to prove a negation than proving otherwise (in the case of Descartes proving the negation of knowledge to prove the opposite), since if we convince ourselves w ith these arguments of Descartes, then we must act and think as if we are experiencing illusions and hallucinations all the time. This is of course difficult for us. In fact one example where we can prove Descartes could probably be right all along that an evil demon is deceiving us (e.g., dwhen something defies the laws of physics) is when we experience a Criss holy man trick.Perhaps we can say that the main problem of Descartess philosophy is both its extreme rationalist and non-rationalist approach. Descratess philosophy is rationalist because it proclaims reason as the only valid criterion for certain knowledge and thus truth. It is non-rationalist, however, in the sense that it somehow forgets other valid functions of the human mind or reason that is reason as the faculty of mans sentient soul, can, aside from thinking and doubting, imagine, sense and feel.